- 2023
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Instituto Roberto Simonsen and Franklin Book Programs: international relations and editorial policies for a “developing” Brazil (1965-1971)
Laura de Oliveira Sangiovanni
Abstract: In 1965, Roberto Simonsen Institute was created. The institute had a specific sector dedicated to publications, the Library Science Center for Development (CBD), whose list of activities included translations of foreign books. Despite a notion of development aimed at solving “national problems”, the CBD acted in accordance with Simonsen’s thinking regarding the relationship between national capital and foreign investments, depending on the partnership with a North American institution, Franklin Book Programs, to achieve its activities. This article deals with the relations between the two institutions and the way in which a mitigated nationalism, made compatible with the North American agenda during the cultural Cold War, defined the contours of the institute’s editorial policies for the development of an industrial Brazil.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9036.i139p87-104
The social sciences, the racial question and the Cold War: Brazil as a laboratory
Elizabeth Cancelli
Abstract: This article analyzes the anti-racist political and academic guidelines that informed the efforts to solve the negro question after World War II. The study recovers Cold War policies when Brazil was conceived as a So-cial Sciences laboratory in order to search solutions to the challenge of facing the great moral dilemma that totalitarianism brought in relation to the racial question. This international agenda was conceived as the great modern dilemma and point outways to promo-te social changes that were challenging principles and social justice and Human Rights. Unesco’s presence was essential in the sense of creating public policies that brought concrete effects with regard to overcoming racism and segregationism imposed on the black population. For the creation of these policies, later known as “affirmative”, the essential questions were the effects of social changes due to capitalist inno-vations in societies with a slave-owning past and the identification of color as an obstacle to social mobility.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47195/23.824
Intellectual politicization and scientific sociolo-gy in the cultural Cold War. ILARI, Florestan Fernandes and Brazilian sociology (1966-1972)
João Marcelo Maia
Abstract: This article analyses the tensions between scientific sociology and intellectual politicization in the history of Latin American sociology during the Cultural Cold War, focusing on the relationship established between three Brazilian sociologists Florestan Fernandes, Luiz de A . Costa Pinto and Gláucio Dillon Soares and the Latin American Institute of International Relations (ILARI, 1966-1972) . Created by the Congress for the Freedom of Culture, ILARI promoted various initiatives aimed at the dissemination of scientific sociology and worked actively to obtain the collaboration of important Latin American social scientists. The article analyzes the types of intellectual work carried out by progressive Brazilian sociologists in their relations with ILARI and compares the views of these different actors on “scientific sociology” and “compromiso”.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.47195/23.822
Rural sociology towards the third way: from the United States to Brazil
Gustavo Mesquita
Abstract: Review of LOPES, Thiago da Costa. Em busca da comunidade: ciências sociais, desenvolvimento rural e diplomacia cultural nas relações Brasil-EUA (1930-1950) Rio de Janeiro: Editora Fiocruz, 2020. 281 p.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-59702023000100038
Philanthropy and the Project of the White World Affirmation: An American Dilemma and Liberal Anti-Racism
Julio Cattai e Wanderson Chaves
Abstract: Review of Morey, Maribel. White Philanthropy: Carnegie Corporation’s An American Dilemma and the Making of a White World Order.Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2021. 317 p.
- 2021
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The Cold War Culture in its magazines. Program for a cartography
Karina Jannello
Abstract: The last 30 years have seen a veritable explosion of Cold War studies, with a particular emphasis on the intellectual universe, and particularly on the universe of printed culture as a crucial instance for understanding the cultural dimension of the conflict. Today it seems to be established that the networks of magazines and these as spaces of condensation of ideas, but also of concrete sociabilities, played a fundamental role in the diffusion of the ideals of the competing blocks, stimulating in Latin America a previous and constituent tradition of its lettered culture. I want to focus here on the revivalist networks of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (1950-1979), an organization that shaped the "Western cultural front", as opposed to the policies driven by the Soviet space. These networks, which were joined by a large number of existing magazines attracted by the proposals of the CLC, promoted spaces of sociability, disseminated ideals and stimulated the figure of the cultural manager, and then his professionalization under the figure of the social scientist. These networks of magazines form a gigantic map that suggests, on the one hand, the particularities of the Cold War in its cultural dimension, and on the other hand, concrete articulations, geographic nuances, unexpected gears and crossings, which signify a challenge to clear this period. If the "Atlantist front" implies some kind of homogeneity, the concrete presence of this cartography confronts us with new questions that must be addressed in order to put into perspective the complex weft of the cultural field of the war for ideas.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-23762021000100131
Amnesty Arrives in Brazil, or How a British Organization Crossed Borders, Assisted Political Prisoners, and Exposed Military Dictatorship Crimes
Gustavo Mesquita
Abstract: Review of MEIRELLES, Renata. State violence, torture, and political prisoners: on the role played by Amnesty International in Brazil during the dictatorship (1964-1985). Coll. Crimes of the Powerful. London; New York: Routledge, 2020. 154 p.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472021v41n86-10
Brazil: Transition and Reconciliation Policies as a Cold War Strategy
Elizabeth Cancelli
Abstract: This article examines the role the Latin American Program of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, created in 1979, played in the discussion and organization of scientific meetings, seminars and congresses on the issues of transition and reconciliation as strategies for overcoming dictatorships, specifically the Brazilian one, during the Cold War. We start from the observation that the activities of the Latin America Program established parameters for the discussion and for the seminal political strategies to legitimize alliance policies at the end of the Brazilian dictatorship in the Cold War. Focusing on reconciliation, these strategies explicitly sought not only to safeguard the coalition between liberals and right-wing groups that supported the dictatorship but also tried to stop the advance of left-wing currents into power.
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2020
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The battle between freedom and tyranny: Cuban Revolution, guerrilla warfare and the development of the American Counterinsurgency Doctrine in the 1960s
Pâmela de Almeida Resende
Abstract: Themain objective of this article is to analyze the construction and development of policies produced under the United States government for Latin America, especially from the decade of 1960. This choice is justified by the interest in understanding the actions developed to combat the guerrilla movements that were active in Latin American countries, in addition to the influence of the Cuban revolution in this process. The creation of externalaid programs, highlighting the Alliance for Progress, coupled with the development of the counterinsurgency doctrine both in the government of John F. Kennedy, seems to us to be instrumental in understanding the strategies adopted by the United States in its policy of containment of communist advancement in the region.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.46752/anphlac.29.2020.3914
Anti-fascism, Revolution and Cold War in Mexico: América Magazine, 1940-1960
Jorge A. Nállim
Abstract: The article analyzes the magazine América in 1940-1960 as a privileged political and cultural space for studying national and transnational historical processes. Born out of the convergence of groups linked to the Mexican revolutionary state, the left, and the Spanish exile in Mexico, it originally defined a program in defense of the Mexican Revolution, antifascism, the Allies in the Second World War, and the Spanish Republican exile. Eventually, and in a process combining continuities and changes in the post-war period, it kept its firm support for the revolutionary government and party while it opened its pages to cultural and artistic contributions and established relations with local and international groups tied to the United States-led cultural Cold War. Thus, the analysis of America’s groups, ideas, and transformations makes it possible to identify relevant aspects of the social, political, and ideological network behind the Mexican cultural world of the time.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/cialc.24486914e.2020.70.57164
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2019
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“Political Transition” and Dictatorship in Brazil: The 1970’s and Their Political and Intellectual Agendas
Julio Cattai and Wanderson Chaves
Abstract: This essay is based on recent historiographical discoveries and on the material research of the authors and investigates the establishment of a tendency of the 1970s: that of the imagination of projects of prospecting of democracy from the dictatorship through ‘political transition’ agendas. The focus of the analysis is twofold but related: on the one hand, we deal with the intervention of knowledge and intellectual practices of such projects between themes such as human rights, social issues and the rule of law; on the other hand, we discuss the renewal in the 1970s of the US Cold War strategies, which provide the vectors of scheduling and institutionalization, decisive in the constitution of ‘democratic transition’ models.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-93472019v39n82-10
The editorial networks of ILARI in Rio de la Plata and the modernization of the social sciences during the Latin American Cold War
Karina Jannello
Abstract: The Latin American Institute of International Relations (ILARI), funded by the Ford Foundation and related to the controversial Congress for the Freedom of Culture (CLC), promoted from its beginnings in 1965 the renewal of social sciences in Latin America through meetings and research projects, as well as the publishing of its magazine Aportes and agreements with different local publishers - such as Paidós and Jorge Álvarez from Buenos Aires, or Alfa from Montevideo. This paper addresses ILARI’s publishing policies, which became a channel of legitimation and promotion of the figure of the social scientist, whose emergence must be understood in the framework of the cultural Cold War , marked by the debates on the possible paths of development for peripheral societies. This figure, which ends up supplanting that one of the essayist and disputing space with those of the committed intellectual and the revolutionary intellectual, appears legitimized by a discourse on modernization, associated with an "objective" production of knowledge.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26512/cmd.v6i1.21902
Two countries, the same dilemma? Reflections on democracy and racism in the United States and Brazil
Gustavo Mesquita
Abstract: Roger Bastide and Florestan Fernandes carried out researches on race relations sponsored by international organizations when, in the 1960s, the United States created affirmative actions to respond to its racial inequality. Conclusions from the sociologists enhanced discussions about the same issue in Brazil. The time has come for the understanding that our democracy excludes the Negro population. It is analyzed in this article the formation of Bastide and Fernandes’ sociological thought under American thesis of race relations, as well as the impact of this thought over the debate on Brazilian racism.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S2178-14942019000200006
Partners in What? The Alliance for Progress and the Editorial Policies for Modernizing Latin America in the Cold War Era
Josiane Mozer and Rafael R. Ioris
Abstract: The Alliance for Progress, program devised by the Kennedy administration early in the 1960s, aimed at promoting regional development of Latin America along US-like capitalist lines, was mired in an inherent contradiction. On the one hand, the program acknowledged that the US could no longer ignore Latin American demands for development. On the other, it realized that its autonomous development, according to the model idealized by the Alliance, could reduce the influence of the United States in the region. In the interplay of Latin American pressures and hegemonic interests of the United States, the Alliance assumed coercive and ideological contours, rendering the partnership for common good meaningless. Grounded on primary documentation produced by the State Department and the US Information Agency (USIA), the present article examines the ideological action of the Alliance for Progress. The focus of the reflection is centered on the analysis of editorial policies implemented along the 1960s, which aimed at influencing debates on the development that took place in Brazil and Latin America so to promote capitalism appropriate to American hegemony. The analysis demonstrates that, in spite of being an innovative and ambitious external policy, the implementation of the Alliance was mired in ideological continuities and geopolitical concerns traditionally shaping the relation between the United States and Latin America.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5007/2175-7976.2019.e61478
Border literatures: travel companions and USSR in contemporary Brazil (1940-1960)
Ana Paula Palamartchuk
Abstract: In the Brazilian literary scene of the early 1950s, the almost simultaneous publication of Jorge Amado's O Mundo da Paz (1952) and Subterrâneos da Liberdade (1954), and Viagem (1954) and Memórias do Cárcere (1954) scored by Graciliano Ramos. Brazilian novelists already consecrated by the critics and the public, both reveal in these publications the radicality with which they identify with communism and with the Soviet experience. At the same time, the travel accounts and the books of memory, if viewed together, evidence the presence of two narrative traditions: literary proper and political engagement of intellectuals. Thus, what is intended here is to show how these two traditions appear in the work of the two writers, especially in their reports of travel to the USSR. From the point of view of political militancy and literary resources, both writers used the "border genre" to share with their readers some kind of commitment to the history of recent national politics, communism, and to endorse the experience.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/dialogos.v23i2.46183
Culture, Politics and the Cold War: The Sociedad de Escritores de Chile in the 1950s
Jorge A. Nállim
Abstract: In the 1950s, the Sociedad de Escritores de Chile experienced bitter disputes caused by the efforts of the Chilean Committee for Cultural Freedom, the local branch of a major institution in the US cultural Cold War, to gain control of the association. These disputes reveal the role played by the cultural Cold War in the breakdown of older political and intellectual alliances in Chile. They also highlight the transnational networks that connected Chilean writers during the Cold War, and the complex articulation of local and international contexts and agendas that influenced Chilean cultural and political groups.
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2015
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Ilari and the culture war: the formation of intellectual agendas in Latin America
Elizabeth Cancelli
Abstract: This article addresses cultural policies and the involvement of intellectuals in culture war. It focus on Ilari, the Latin American Institute of International Relations/Instituto Latino Americano de Relações Inter-nacionais, an organ of the Congress for Cultural Freedom (CCF). While literature and the visual arts, or fine arts, were the focus of CCF’s investment in the 1950s, its new emphasis in the post-Cuban revolution stage was on strong financing and sup-port to Social Sciences and the creation of “Latin American issues”. In this text, we point out how this agenda was formed and how a mismatch started to appear between CCF policies and dictatorships coming to power in South America, despite logistic and political support the United States granted these latter.
LINK: http://www.seer.ufu.br/index.php/artcultura/article/view/34822